Ambulatory Pediatrics
Volume 8, Issue 4 , Pages 219-240.e17 , July 2008

Annual Report on Health Care for Children and Youth in the United States: Focus on Injury-Related Emergency Department Utilization and Expenditures

Received 7 September 2007 ,Accepted 20 March 2008.

References 

  1. McCormick MC, Kass B, Elixhauser A, Thompson J, Simpson L. Annual report on access to and utilization of health care for children and youth in the United States—1999. Pediatrics (Journal of the Ambulatory Pediatric Association). 2000;105:219–230
  2. McCormick MC, Weinick RM, Elixhauser A, Stagnitti MN, Thompson J, Simpson L. Annual report on access to and utilization of health care for children and youth in the United States—2000. Ambulatory Pediatrics. 2001;1:3–15
  3. Elixhauser A, Machlin SR, Zodet MW, et al. Health care for children and youth in the United States: 2001 annual report on access, utilization, quality and expenditures. Ambulatory Pediatrics. 2002;2:419–437
  4. Simpson L, Zodet MW, Chevarley FM, Owens PL, Dougherty D, McCormick M. Health care for children and youth in the United States: 2002 report on trends in access, utilization, quality and expenditures. Ambulatory Pediatrics. 2004;4:131–153
  5. Simpson L, Owens PL, Zodet MW, et al. Health care for children and youth in the United States: annual report on patterns of coverage, utilization, quality, and expenditures by income. Ambulatory Pediatrics. 2005;5:6–44
  6. Chevarley FM, Owens PL, Zodet MW, Simpson LA, McCormick MC, Dougherty D. Health care for children and youth in the United States: annual report on patterns of coverage, utilization, quality and expenditures by a county level of urban influence. Ambulatory Pediatrics. 2006;6:241–264
  7. Institute of Medicine (IOM) . Hospital-Based Emergency Care: At the Breaking Point. Washington, DC: National Academy Press; 2006;
  8. Institute of Medicine (IOM) . Emergency Medical Services at the Crossroads. Washington, DC: National Academy Press; 2006;
  9. Institute of Medicine (IOM) . Emergency Care for Children: Growing Pains. Washington, DC: National Academy Press; 2006;
  10. In:  Peden M,  McGee K,  Krug E editor. Injury: A Leading Cause of Global Burden of Disease. 2000. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2002;Available at: http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2002/9241562323.pdfAccessed April 7, 2008
  11. National Center for Injury Prevention and Control . CDC Acute Injury Care Research Agenda: Guiding Research for the Future. Atlanta, Ga: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; May 2005;Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/ncipic/dir/ARAgenda.htmAccessed December 19, 2006
  12. Lee J, Cheung R, Liller K, et al. Childhood Injury in Florida, 2002: A Report on Hospital Care and Prevention Information. All Children's Hospital, University of South Florida Health, Florida Initiative for Children's Healthcare Quality, Florida Suncoast SAFE KIDS Coalition; St. Petersburg, Fla, September 2005.
  13. Guice KS, Cassidy LD, Oldham KT. Traumatic injury and children: a national assessment. J Trauma. 2007;63(December suppl):S68–S80
  14. Association of State and Territorial Health Officials (ASTHO). Injury Prevention Fact Sheet. Leading Causes of Injuries Among Children and Adolescents. August 2006. Available at: http://www.astho.org/pubs/AdolescentfactsheetfinalAugust2006.pdf. Accessed April 7, 2008.
  15. McCaig L, Nawar EW. National hospital ambulatory medical care survey: 2004 emergency department summary. Advance Data from Vital and Health Statistics. Publication 372. Hyattsville, Md: National Center for Health Statistics; 2006;
  16. US Census Bureau. Annual estimates of the resident population by single-year of age and sex for the United States and states: April 1, 2000 to July 1, 2006. Available at: http://www.census.gov/popest/states/asrh/files/SC_EST2006_AGESEX_RES.csv. Accessed April 7, 2008.
  17. American Hospital Association. AHA annual survey database. 2003. Available at: https://www.associationstores.org/OA_HTML/ibeCCtpSctDspRte.jsp?minisite=10028. Accessed April 7, 2008.
  18. American Trauma Society. Trauma Information Exchange Program (TIEP) database. 2003. Available at: http://www.amtrauma.org/tiep/tiepabout.html. Accessed April 7, 2008.
  19. American College of Emergency Physicians. The National Report Card on the State of Emergency Medicine: Evaluating the Environment of Emergency Care Systems State by State. Irving, Tex. January 2006. Available at: http://my.acep.org/site/DocServer/2006-NationalReportCard.pdf?docID=221. Accessed April 7, 2008.
  20. National Center for Statistics and Analysis . Traffic Safety Facts 2003: A Compilation of Motor Vehicle Crash Data from the Fatality Analysis Reporting System and the General Estimates System. Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; January 2005;DOT HS 809 775. Available at: http://www-nrd.nhtsa.dot.gov/Pubs/TSF2003.PDFAccessed April 7, 2008
  21. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Motor Vehicle Occupant Protection FACTS. Available at: http://www.nhtsa.dot.gov/people/injury/airbags/OccupantProtectionFacts/. Accessed April 7, 2008.
  22. US Census Bureau. Current population survey. Annual social and economic supplement, 2004. Coverage for children 0–17 years old. Available at: http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/cpstc/cps_table_creator.html. Accessed April 7, 2008.
  23. Claritas Inc. The Claritas demographic update methodology. July 2003. Available at: http://www.claritas.com/. Accessed April 7, 2008.
  24. MacKenzie EJ, Hoyt DB, Sacra JC, et al. National inventory of hospital trauma centers. JAMA. 2003;289:1515–1522
  25. Branas CC, MacKenzie EJ, Williams JC, et al. Access to trauma centers in the United States. JAMA. 2005;293:2626–2633
  26. Injury Surveillance Workgroup . Consensus Recommendations for Using Hospital Discharge Data for Injury Surveillance. Marietta, Ga: State and Territorial Injury Prevention Directors Association; 2003;Available at: http://stipda.org/associations/5805/files/hdd.pdfAccessed October 31, 2006
  27. Barell V, Aharonson-Daniel L, Fingerhut LA, et al. An introduction to the Barell body region by nature of injury diagnosis matrix. Inj Prev. 2002;8:91–96
  28. Barell injury diagnosis matrix, classification by body region and nature of injury. 2005. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/about/otheract/ice/barellmatrix.htm. Accessed April 7, 2008.
  29. Elixhauser A, Steiner C, Palmer L. Clinical Classifications Software 2008 (CCS). Rockville, Md: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality; 2008;Available at: http://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/toolssoftware/ccs/CCSUsersGuide.pdfAccessed April 7, 2008
  30. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) . Recommended framework for presenting injury mortality data. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 1997;46(RR14):1–30
  31. Barrett M, Steiner C, Coben J. Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project E Code Evaluation Report. 2004. HCUP Methods Series Report 2004-06. Rockville, Md: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality; 2005;Available at: http://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/2004_6.pdfAccessed April 7, 2008
  32. ICDMAP-90 [computer program]. Baltimore, Md: Johns Hopkins University and Tri-Analytics Inc; 1998;
  33. Baker SP, O'Neill B, Haddon W, Long WB. The injury severity score: a method for describing patients with multiple injuries and evaluating emergency care. J Trauma. 1974;14:187–196
  34. Baker SP, O'Neill B. The injury severity score: an update. J Trauma. 1976;16:882–885
  35. MacKenzie EJ, Shapiro S, Eastham JN. The abbreviated injury scale and injury severity score. Levels of inter- and intrarater reliability. Med Care. 1985;23:823–835
  36. MacKenzie EJ, Steinwachs DM, Shankar B. Classifying trauma severity based on hospital discharge diagnoses. Validation of an ICD-9CM to AIS-85 conversion table. Med Care. 1989;27:412–422
  37. Stevenson M, Segui-Gomez M, Lescohier I, Di Scala C, McDonald-Smith G. An overview of the injury severity score and the new injury severity score. Inj Prev. 2001;7:10–13
  38. Durbin DR, Localio AR, MacKenzie EJ. Validation of the ICD/AIS MAP for pediatric use. Inj Prev. 2001;7:96–99
  39. Cohen JW, Machlin SR, Zuvekas SH, Stagnitti MN, Thorpe JM. Health Care Expenses in the United States, 1996. Rockville, Md: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality; 2000;MEPS Research Findings 12. AHRQ Publication 01–0009. Available at: http://www.meps.ahrq.gov/mepsweb/data_files/publications/rf12/rf12.pdfAccessed April 7, 2008
  40. SAS Institute Inc. SAS/STAT software, Version 9.1 of the SAS System for Windows. Cary, NC: SAS Institute Inc, 2002–2003. Available at: http://www.sas.com/. Accessed April 7, 2008.
  41. Research Triangle Institute . SUDAAN software, version 9.0 for Windows. Research Triangle Park, NC: Research Triangle Institute; 2004;Available at: http://www.rti.com/Accessed April 7, 2008
  42. Health United States: 2007 with chartbook on trends in health of Americans. Table 32: leading causes of death and numbers of death, by age: United States 1980 and 2004. Washington, DC: National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC); November 2007;DHHS Publication 2007-1232. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/hus.htmAccessed April 7, 2008
  43. Malek M, Chang BH, Gallagher SS, Guyer B. The cost of medical care for injuries to children. Ann Emerg Med. 1991;20:997–1005
  44. Danseco ER, Miller TR, Spicer RS. Incidence and costs of 1987–1994 childhood injuries: demographic breakdowns. Pediatrics. 2000;105:E27
  45. Simon TD, Bublitz C, Hambidge SJ. External causes of pediatric injury-related emergency department visits in the United States. Acad Emerg Med. 2004;11:1042–1048
  46. Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA). Emergency Medical Services for Children (EMSC). Performance measures. Available at: http://dev.circlesolutions.com/emscasp2/PerformanceMeasures.aspx. Accessed April 7, 2008.
  47. Rivara FP, Thompson DC, Cummings P. Effectiveness of primary and secondary enforced seat belt laws. Am J Prev Med. 1999;16(1S):30–39
  48. Shults RA, Nichols JL, Dinh-Zarr TB, Sleet DA, Edler RW. Effectiveness of primary enforcement safety belt laws and enhanced enforcement of safety belt laws: a summary of the Guide to Community Preventive Services systematic reviews. J Safety Res. 2004;35(2):189–196
  49. Davies KL. Buckled up children: understanding the mechanisms, injuries, management and prevention of seat belt related injuries. J Trauma Nurs. 2004;11:16–27
  50. Winston FK, Durbin DR, Kallan MJ, Moll EK. The danger of the premature graduation to seat belts for young children. Pediatrics. 2000;105:1179–1183
  51. Gorelick MH, Alpern ER, Singh T, et al. Availability of pediatric emergency visit data from existing data sources. Acad Emerg Med. 2005;12:1195–1200
  52. Machlin SR, Valluzzi JL, Chevarley FM, Thorpe JM. Measuring ambulatory health care use in the United States: a comparison of 1996 estimates across four federal surveys. J Econ Social Measure. 2001;27:57–69
  53. Schappert SM, Burt CW. Ambulatory care visits to physician offices, hospital outpatient departments, and emergency departments: United States, 2001–02. Vital Health Stat 13. 2006;(159):1–66
  54. Simon TD, Bublitz Emsermann C, Dickinson LM, Hambidge SJ. Lower rates of emergency department injury visits among Latino children in the USA: no association with health insurance. Inj Prev. 2006;12:248–252
  55. McCarthy ML, Serpi T, Kufera JA, Demeter LA, Paidas C. Factors influencing admission among children with a traumatic brain injury. Acad Emerg Med. 2002;9:684–693
  56. Selassie AW, McCarthy ML, Pickelsimer EE. The influence of insurance, race, and gender on emergency department disposition. Acad Emerg Med. 2003;10:1260–1270
  57. Lee J, Cheung R, Liller K, et al. Inpatient deaths during childhood injury-related hospitalizations: trends and variations by payer status, Florida 1998–2002 [abstract 75033]. Poster presented at: 2006 Pediatric Academic Societies' Annual Conference; May 2006; San Francisco, Calif.
  58. Institute of Medicine (IOM) . Care Without Coverage: Too Little, Too Late. Washington, DC: Institute of Medicine; 2002;72–82
  59. Tilford JM, Aitken ME, Annand KJS, et al. Hospitalizations for critically ill children with traumatic brain injuries: a longitudinal analysis. Crit Care Med. 2005;33:2074–2081
  60. Families USA, 2007. The Great Divide: When Kids Get Sick, Insurance Matters. Available at: http://www.familiesusa.org/. Accessed April 7, 2008.
  61. Sellström E, Bremberg S. The significance of neighbourhood context to child and adolescent health and well-being: a systematic review of multilevel studies. Scand J Public Health. 2006;34:544–554
  62. Weinick RM, Owens PL, Andrews RM, Sommers JP, Machlin SR. How many emergency department visits are there? [abstract 087]. 2004 Society of Academic Emergency Medicine Annual Meeting; May 2004; Orlando, Fla. Acad Emerg Med. 2004;11:464–465
  63. Hambridge DJ, Davidson AJ, Gonzales R, Steiner JF. Epidemiology of pediatric injury-related primary care office visits in the United States. Pediatrics. 2002;109:559–565
  64. Frush KS. Medication errors in pediatric emergency care: developing a national standard?. Ann Emerg Med. 2007;50:361–367

 The views expressed in this article are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality or the US Department of Health and Human Services.

PII: S1530-1567(08)00081-6

doi: 10.1016/j.ambp.2008.03.032

Ambulatory Pediatrics
Volume 8, Issue 4 , Pages 219-240.e17 , July 2008