Ambulatory Pediatrics
Volume 6, Issue 2 , Pages 79-83 , 1 March 2006

Trends in Prescribing of Antipsychotic Medications for US Children

  • William O. Cooper, MD, MPH

      Affiliations

    • Division of General Pediatrics/Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tenn
    • Corresponding Author InformationAddress correspondence to William Cooper, MD, MPH, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, AA-0216 MCN, Nashville, TN 37232
  • ,
  • Patrick G. Arbogast, PhD

      Affiliations

    • Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tenn
  • ,
  • Hua Ding, MS

      Affiliations

    • Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tenn
  • ,
  • Gerald B. Hickson, MD

      Affiliations

    • Division of General Pediatrics/Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tenn
  • ,
  • D. Catherine Fuchs, MD

      Affiliations

    • Department of Psychiatry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tenn
  • ,
  • Wayne A. Ray, PhD

      Affiliations

    • Division of Pharmacoepidemiology/Department of Preventive Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tenn

Received 5 August 2005 ,Accepted 22 November 2005.

References 

  1. Cooper WO , Hickson GB , Fuchs C , et al.   New users of antipsychotic medications among children enrolled in TennCare . Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med . 2004;158:753–759
  2. Zito JM , Safer DJ , Dosreis S , et al.   Psychotropic practice patterns for youth (a 10-year perspective) . Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med . 2003;157:17–25
  3. Patel NC , Crismon ML , Hoagwood K , et al.   Trends in the use of typical and atypical antipsychotics in children and adolescents . J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry . 2005;44:548–556
  4. Campbell M , Rapoport JL , Simpson GM . Antipsychotics in children and adolescents . J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry . 1999;38:537–545
  5. Cortese L , Pourcher-Bouchard E , Williams R . Assessment and management of antipsychotic-induced adverse events . Can J Psychiatry . 1998;43(suppl 1):15S–20S
  6. Ratzoni G , Gothelf D , Brand-Gothelf A , et al.   Weight gain associated with olanzapine and risperidone in adolescent patients (a comparative prospective study) . J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry . 2002;41:337–343
  7. Buse JB , Cavazzoni P , Hornbuckle K , et al.   A retrospective cohort study of diabetes mellitus and antipsychotic treatment in the United States . J Clin Epidemiol . 2003;56:164–170
  8. Gianfrancesco F , Grogg A , Mahmoud R , et al.   Differential effects of antipsychotic agents on the risk of development of type 2 diabetes mellitus in patients with mood disorders . Clin Ther . 2003;25:1150–1171
  9. Wieck A , Haddad PM . Antipsychotic-induced hyperprolactinaemia in women: pathophysiology, severity and consequences. Selective literature review . Br J Psychiatry . 2003;182:199–204
  10. Wudarsky M , Nicolson R , Hamburger SD , et al.   Elevated prolactin in pediatric patients on typical and atypical antipsychotics . J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol . 1999;9:239–245
  11. Jordan MP . Ziprasidone-associated galactorrhea in a female teenager . J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry . 2003;42:4–5
  12. Safer DJ . A comparison of risperidone-induced weight gain across the age span . J Clin Psychopharmacol . 2004;24:429–436
  13. Patel NC , Kistler JS , James EB , Crismon ML . A retrospective analysis of the short-term effects of olanzapine and quetiapine on weight and body mass index in children and adolescents . Pharmacotherapy . 2004;24:824–830
  14. Blair J , Scahill L , State M , Martin A . Electrocardiographic changes in children and adolescents treated with ziprasidone (a prospective study) . J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry . 2005;44:73–79
  15. Findling RL , McNamara NK , Branicky LA , et al.   A double-blind pilot study of risperidone in the treatment of conduct disorder . J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry . 2000;39:509–516
  16. Gerardin P , Cohen D , Mazet P , Flament MF . Drug treatment of conduct disorder in young people . Eur Neuropsychopharmacol . 2002;12:361–370
  17. Cheng-Shannon J , McGough JJ , Pataki C , McCracken JT . Second-generation antipsychotic medications in children and adolescents . J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol . 2004;14:372–394
  18. Vitiello B . Psychopharmacology for young children (clinical needs and research opportunities) . Pediatrics . 2001;108:983–989
  19. Safer DJ , Zito JM , Dosreis S . Concomitant psychotropic medication for youths . Am J Psychiatry . 2003;160:438–449
  20. National Center for Health Statistics.National Health Care Survey.Available athttp://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhcs.htmAccessed January 17, 2005
  21. US Bureau of the Census. US Census Bureau Population Estimates. http://www.census.gov/popest/estimates.php10/5/04.
  22. Cochran W . Sampling Techniques . 3rd ed.. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons; 1977;
  23. Casella G , Berger RL . Statistical Inference . 2nd ed. Duxbury, Calif: Duxbury Press; 2002;
  24. Kendell RE , Malcolm DE , Adams W . The problem of detecting changes in the incidence of schizophrenia . Br J Psychiatry . 1993;162:212–218
  25. Morensen P . Schizophrenia and society (an epidemiological perspective) . In:  Mallarkey G editors. Managing Schizophrenia . Kwai Chung, Hong Kong: Adis International Publications; 2000;p. 1–8
  26. Zito JM , Safer DJ , Dosreis S , et al.   Trends in the prescribing of psychotropic medications to preschoolers . JAMA . 2000;283:1025–1030
  27. Snyder R , Turgay A , Aman M , et al.   Effects of risperidone on conduct and disruptive behavior disorders in children with subaverage IQs . J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry . 2002;41:1026–1036
  28. Van BM , De TC . Risperidone in the treatment of behavioral disturbances in children and adolescents with borderline intellectual functioning (a double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot trial) . J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol . 2001;11:5–13
  29. McCracken JT , McGough J , Shah B , et al.   Risperidone in children with autism and serious behavioral problems . N Engl J Med . 2002;347:314–321
  30. Malone RP , Maislin G , Choudhury MS , et al.   Risperidone treatment in children and adolescents with autism (short- and long-term safety and effectiveness) . J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry . 2002;41:140–147
  31. Masi G , Cosenza A , Mucci M , Brovedani P . Open trial of risperidone in 24 young children with pervasive developmental disorders . J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry . 2001;40:1206–1214

PII: S1530-1567(05)00020-1

doi: 10.1016/j.ambp.2005.11.002

Ambulatory Pediatrics
Volume 6, Issue 2 , Pages 79-83 , 1 March 2006